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Noack Volatility Test (Selby-Noack)
"Phosphorus Additive Chemistry
and Its Effect on the Phosphorus Volatility of Engine Oils"
Written by T.W. Selby, Savant Inc., and
R.J. Bosch, D.C. Fee, Astaris LLC
-
Presented at
Elemental Analysis Symposium, ASTM D02 Meeting held in Tampa, FL,
December 8,
2004.
(Full Paper in
Acrobat)
ABSTRACT
The
most widely used and effective anti-wear/anti-oxidation additives in
engine oil contain phosphorus that can partially volatilize during
engine operation. Unfortunately, volatile phosphorus in the
exhaust stream degrades the function of the exhaust catalyst in
reducing air pollution. Earlier studies in a special volatility
bench test using the Phosphorus Emission Index have shown that
phosphorus volatility is not related to engine oil volatility or to
phosphorus content in the unused engine oil. At the time, it had
been speculated that this unexpected lack of correlation with initial
phosphorus concentrations could be explained by 1) the effects of other
engine oil additives and/or 2) variations in the phosphorus additive
chemistry. The first speculation was relatively recently
confirmed by taxi fleet studies of catalyst degradation by
phosphorus-containing oils by the Ford Motor Company. It remained
to determine if differences in phosphorus additive chemistry were also
a factor and this is the subject of the present study.
"Analysis of the Volatiles Generated during the Selby-Noack Test by 31P
NMR Spectoscopy"
Written by R.J. Bosch, D.C. Fee, Astaris
LLC and T.W. Selby, Savant Inc.
-
Presented at
Elemental Analysis Symposium, ASTM D02 Meeting held in Tampa, FL,
December 7,
2004.
(Full Paper in Acrobat)
ABSTRACT
A
series of engine oil samples collected during a study of their
Phosphorus Emission Index values were analyzed by 31P
Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance Spectroscopy. (The PEI analyses themselves were
presented in an associated paper [1]). NMR spectra were generated
to obtain and explain the mode of formation and identity of the
phosphorus-containing species in the volatiles generated during the
Selby-Noack volatility test and compare these species to those found in
both the fresh oil and the residual oil remaining after the volatility
test.
"Phosphorus Volatility of
Lubricants -- Use of the Phosphorus Emission Index of Engine Oils"
Written by T.W.
Selby, Savant Inc.
- Presented at the 9th Annual F&L Asia
Conference held in Singapore, January 21-24, 2003
- Printed in Leaf Coppin Publication "Tribotest"
ABSTRACT
During 2002 the concept and principles of the Phosphorus Emission Index
(PEI) was introduced. This paper first reviews the background of
the benefits and concerns regarding phosphorus additives. In
particular, the paper focuses on the two factors until recently assumed
important in phosphorus volatility and catalyst contamination -- oil
volatility and initial phosphorus concentration.
Studies of Selby-Noack data on 1300 oils collected in 1999 and 2000 by
the Institute of Materials showed the invalidity of the two assumptions
and this led to the concept of the PEI. Further studies in
conjunction with a field taxi study by the Ford Motor Company to
determine correlation of the PEI with catalyst contamination shows not
only correlation but also proved that phosphorus volatility was
independent of either oil volatility or fresh oil phosphorus
levels. Rather, phosphorus volatility was, as earlier predicted,
found to be highly dependent on its chemistry and the chemistry of
other additives. Engine oil formulation using the PEI technique
should markedly reduce phosphorus volatility and resultant catalyst
contamination.
"Development and Significance of
the
Phosphorus Emission Index of Engine Oils"
Written by T.W. Selby, Savant, Inc., USA
- 13th International Colloquium Tribology,
Technische
Akademie Esslingen held in Ostfildern, Germany, January 15-17, 2002.
(Full
Paper in Acrobat)
ABSTRACT
This paper reports the author's effort to verify some of the present
assumptions
regarding causes and relationships in the volatility of engine oil
phosphorus.
Using Selby-Noack volatility data from 1300 engine oils collected by
the
Institute of Materials in three areas of the world, volatilized
phosphorus
showed very low statistical dependence on either oil volatility or
phosphorus
concentration in the fresh oil. Rather the data seemed to
indicate
that the chemistries of the phosphorus-containing additives and their
formulation
with other additives were the controlling cause of phosphorus
volatility
and, by extension, emission level.
The study permitted the development of a Phosphorus Emission Index
that
predicts the emission potential of a formulated oil based on the amount
of phosphorus found in the volatilized oil collected in the Selby-Noack
test.
"A Laboratory Method for Measuring Bulk Volatility of Engine Oils -
Comparative Results"
Written by Brian J. Cluff, Dan McMahon, and
Theodore Selby, Savant Inc., USA
- SAE Paper #961227, SAE International Spring Fuels
and
Lubricants Meeting, Dearborn, Michigan, May 6-8, 1996.
- Printed in: Engine and Gear Lubricants (SP-1183)
Abstract
Previous studies to improve upon the Noack volatility test have
reported a new approach which does not require toxic Wood's Metal for
heating yet agrees well with Noack test results. In addition, the
new approach collects 99% of the volatilized oil for optional
analysis. This can be important apropos to phosphorus levels
which are of concern regarding automotive exhaust catalyst life.
To more closely compare the new approach with the Noack test, reference
oils used in the recent ASTM volatility round-robin study were analyzed
and the new approach was found to produce close agreement with the
Noack technique and generally greater repeatability.
"A New Approach to the Noack
Test
for Volatility Measurement"
Written by Theodore W. Selby, Richard H. Hall,
and Ellie Mayhew, Savant Laboratory
- Ninth International Conference on the
Characterization
of Lubricants and Lubrication, sponsored by Savant, Inc., in Dearborn,
Michigan on October 13-24, 1993
- SAE International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting
and Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 18-21, 1993
- Ninth International Colloquium, Ecological and
Economical Aspects of Tribology, January 11-13, 1994 in Esslingen,
Germany.
Included in the proceedings supplement,
pp 5.5-1/15
- Printed in Leaf Coppin Publication "Tribotest,"
September 1994, vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 3-31
"Base Oil Characterization
Techniques
Using a New Approach to the Noack Volatility Test"
Written by T.W. Selby, E. Reichenbach, R.H. Hall
(Savant)
- Course presented by T.W. Selby at the American
Chemical Society Symposium on "The Processing, Characterization and
Application of Lubricant Base Oils:
Part II", held in San Diego, California, March 16-17, 1994.
savant@savantgroup.com
